How does past worldwide exhibitions influence present exhibitions Essay

How does past worldwide exhibitions influence present exhibitions Using case studies of The Great Exhibition 1851, The Mille - Essay Example When looking at defined ideas within the architecture, there is the ability to identify with a variety of approaches which are a part of the exhibitions. When comparing the Great Exhibition of 1851 to the Millennium Dome 2000 and the Shanghai World Expo 2010, direct relationships are seen with the approach. This is based on the purpose, reason and benefits of each exhibition. This is also a part of the architecture and design that is developed, specifically which states a specific message relating to the architectural designs and approaches. This paper will examine the differences and similarities of each as well as how they have held similar approaches in the development of the architectural principles. The Great Exhibition of 1851 The Great Exhibition of 1851, also referred to as the Crystal Palace Exhibition, took place in London in May of 1851. The idea was based on creating a temporary structure that combined the cultural and industrial changes of the time. The main features of the exhibition were based on having a highlight to modern approaches to industry and design, specifically as a response to the French Industrial Exposition of 1844. The motive was to make a statement that Britain was a leader in the concepts of industry and culture and had superior achievements to others that were a part of the changes into modernism during this specific time frame. The exhibition was formed over a period of 10 days by Joseph Paxton, specifically which was designed as a glass house or green house that stood 1851 feet long and 454 feet wide. The cost to build the exhibit was 500,000 but made a surplus of 16,190,000 pounds as of 2012. The price of admission ranged, dependent on the status of the individual, ranging from three guineas to five shillings. The opening day held 2,500 people as a part of the exhibition with 1/3 of the population, or six million people, going to the final exhibition (Victorian Station, 2001:1). The basis of the Crystal Palace provided a vari ety of benefits to London and to the holding of the exhibition. The Great Exhibition is now recognized as one of the best world exhibits that was made, specifically which allowed the UK to become recognized as a world leader. The benefits furthered with noting the industrial and technological movements which were in society. The innovations which were added had displays of how different pieces of machinery and other operations were conducted. Those who were visiting the exhibition were able to take part in a deeper understanding of the movement forward with technology and how this was creating an alteration into society at the time. This was furthered with the openness to the cultural relations, art and architecture that was displayed and the music, cultural performances and political recognition which were associated with the exhibition. Each of these were able to influence and create interest within society based on the variety of shows which were held and how this was leading the innovation as well as the various concepts within the historical moments. The interest which this gathered and the approaches which were taken to gain this recognition then allowed the doors of the UK to open into cultural relations, recognition with the technology and responses which were noted from the surrounding society (Victoria Station, 2001:1). An important component with the Great Exhibition was based on the design and architecture which was used in developing the correct approach to the exhibit.

Art Relationship Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Art Relationship - Assignment Example The Pont-Neuf also took about 10 years to create, The Umbrellas took about 7 years to create and the Running Fence took about 5 years to be realized (Adrian, 163). Christo and Jeanne-Claude were different from artists that hurriedly created their sculptures as the couple took their time to get the photographs of their intended sculptures, before eventually developing them. This shows the relationship between time, sculpture and photography in the work of Christo and Jeanne-Claude (Adrian, 163). Christo and Jeanne-Claude created great sculptures that took them years to plan and this is the importance of time in their work. The artists took photographs of the drafts of their intended sculpture and this usually took time. It should be noted that it was the amount of time that was devoted to their work that made the sculptures of Christo and Jeanne-Claude so great. Christo and Jeanne-Claude used the money they made from the drawings and photographs of their works to raise money to develo p their sculptures and this was one of the reasons that their work too time to be developed. This further shows the relationship between time, photography and sculpture in the works of Christo and Jeanne-Claude. Work Cited Adrian, Henri. Total Art. New York: Praeger, 1974

Analysis of Globalisations Effect on China

Analysis of Globalisations Effect on China Globalization†, a term developed for common usage in the 1980s to represent the progressing motion or movement between nations, intellect and wisdom, trades and money across the continent that has led to growth of interdependent behavior among themselves, economically, politically, socially and culturally. Though when mentioning the word â€Å"Globalization†, it is usually recognized as being driven by a combination of economic and technological factor. According to a paper written by Brandon Levy (2012), he explained that, â€Å"Globalization is the process of increased interconnectedness among countries. The prosperous economic development that is typically gained because of the increased interconnectedness among countries usually results in a better standard of living, and an overall improved quality of life. The successful economic development of a nation hinges on its ability to globalize. Given that the international integration of national economies has such a profound effect, globalization plays a central role in determining the future of the world.† While globalization, to many, provides a sign of supremacy as having the key to make societies prosperous through trade, at the same time sharing their intelligence and education proficiency to people around the world, there are still numerous populations who perceives globalization as the root of the global problem where some who are well-off and educated are exploiting the needy through different means and tactics throwing more chaos into the situation as we know it, and also as a threat that accelerated modernization might eventually harm the conventional cultures they have practiced before globalization took over. So does globalization create a negative or positive impact on the world? An example of world’s leaders believes that globalization and capitalism is the best cure for solving conflict. According to a speech by ex-leader of WTO, Pascal Lamy (2004), â€Å"For the fact is that globalization is currently a two sided coin: one bright, the other excessively dark. The bright side is important. Globalization can bring spectacular success – like the 200 million people lifted our of poverty in China since 1990, a single fact which alone makes it possible to envisage the Millennium Development Goal of halving world poverty. † (P.1), He believes that globalization might have its dark side of the coin but through it, the conflict that comes together with globalization will be contained. He also concluded that the WTO and the Doha negotiations can be an effective tool in harnessing globalization in the interests of all, and combating thee darker side of the moon†¦ Another example, Robert E. Litan explained that, â€Å"In the end, we cannot avoid the challenge of globalization. Meeting it through unilateralism or one worldism is likely both to destabilize the world economy and slow improvements in living standards at home and abroad. Instead we should embrace the opportunities that globalization affords, ease the anxieties it generates, and reform and strengthen the international economic institutions created to promote both global economic stability and growth.† The author of the article leans towards the idea of globalization with how it can be controlled and stabilized through work and an amount of time, with very little discontent for the matter. The growing rivalry between China and Japan could serves as an example that globalization does indeed, do not help solve feuds between countries that are involved in economic globalization terms. Bitter history of the bloodthirsty invasion of China in 1937 by japan took place which only ended in year 1945, relation between either countries has not improved. The famous incident that appeared on headlines stories over the claim of the Senkaku island (known as in japan) also called â€Å"Diaoyu Dao† (name in China) goes on to this day even with their economic terms, where both countries argues with their part of the stories for their right of ownership over the island located in the south China sea. Due to the fact that the island being near important shipping lanes offering rich fishing grounds and lies near potential oil and gas reserves, also located in a strategic position amid rising competition of the US and China for military domination in the Asia-Pacific region. Against this background, a difference of opinion over five desolated islands and three barren rocks has become progressively provocative. China regards the â€Å"nationalization† of what it calls the Diaoyu islands by the Japanese in 2012 as a severe threat and will do everything that is necessary to defend its jurisdiction. Japan, meanwhile, which calls the territory the Senkaku islands, displaying its version of defense by broadening the area of patrol over the islands with countless warships and planes and plans to try to involve the participation of the US to their side against the matter. With China growing in power and influence due to globalization, as like any other empire in the past, as its power grows, that power is ineluctably projected to surround immediate neighboring countries and, in time, geographical regions and even whole continents. With this imbalanced strength in the area of Asia, China’s growing eagerness to throw its weight around has put other neighboring countries on brink and triggered them to seek U.S. assistance, the only possible means that can keep China in-check as an equal or more. Beginning from the year of 2010, China constantly fueled the concerns of its neighbors with unending, disturbing diplomatic and military moves, including their eye catching dispute currently still ongoing on the South China Sea, where it is believed that profitable resources are hidden but more importantly, the routes commercial ships passes through are located in the area. This region has sparked countless conflicts between countries nearby with different parts occupied by one another. Nonetheless, China claimed the largest portion over the South China Sea, an area that encircles the South China Sea district like a U-shaped section. Through globalization, China has gained immense power through a period of time and is gradually getting carried away with its actions. In cases where if the U.S. is unable to provide assurance to China’s neighboring countries, situations may turn the other way round and most likely gone aggressive, which will in time become a reality if no further actions are taken. With this in mind, I do think that globalization has more negative effects than positive due to the amount of imbalance the world is facing at this point of time, where countries are flourishing in their wealth and others that couldn’t keep up the pace has fallen right to the bottom of the â€Å"food chain†. Word count : 1068 References The Role of â€Å"Globalization† in Economic  Development,  Brandon Levy, University of Houston  (http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2233648) Globalization and Trade : How to make sure there is space for development?  Speech by Pascal Lamy, Sophia University, Tokyo  (http://ec.europa.eu/archives/commission_1999_2004/lamy/speeches_articles/spla232_en.htm) The â€Å"Globalization† Challenge: The U.S. Role in Shaping World Trade and Investment  Article by Robert E. Litan  Senior fellow in Economic Studies, Brookings  http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2000/03/spring-globaleconomics-litan How uninhabited islands soured China-Japan ties  http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-11341139 China and Japan on the brink of Third World War  Article written by Hilary Douglas  http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/462565/China-and-Japan-on-the-brink-of-Third-World-War Obama heads to Asia with sharp focus on China’s growing power  Article written by David Nakamura and William Wan  http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/obama-heads-to-asia-with-sharp-focus-on-Chinas-growing-power/2011/11/10/gIQAOsQkBN_story.html

The Gap Inc Essays -- Business and Management Studies

The Gap Inc 1. Case Summary The Gap, Inc is a chain of retail stores that sell casual apparel, shoes, and accessories for men, woman and children. Headquarter in San Francisco; the stores operate under a variety of names including: Gap, Banana Republic, Old Navy Clothing Company, Gap Kids, and baby Gap. All merchandise sold by chain is private label. The Gap was founded in 1969 when Donald Fisher and his wife, Doris opened a small clothing store near San Francisco State University. By 1971 they were operating six Gap stores. In 1995, Fisher retired as CEO and Drexler, now age 50, took over the title. The Gap contracted with over 500 manufacturers around the world that made the companies private label apparel according to Gap specifications. Gap, Inc purchased about 30 % of its cloth from manufacturer located in United State and 70% from vendor located in 46 foreign countries. No single supplier provided more than 5 % of its merchandise. In the wake of concern over third world working conditions, the Gap also adopted a set of sourcing principle and guideline. This provide standard that the vendors had to meet including: engage in no form of discrimination, used no forced or prison labor, employee no children under 14 years of age, provide a safe working environment for employees, pay the legal minimum weight of the local industry standard- whichever is greater. The Gap’s supplier should also meet all applicable local environmental regulation, and comply with the Gap own more stringent environmental standards, neither threaten nor penalize employees for their efforts to organize or bargain collectively and uphold local custom laws. To ensure compliance with its standards, the Gap sends a Gap Field Representative to conduct in-depth interview with a prospective supplier prior to the initiation of a business relationship. The Gap supplier in Salvador, run by Mandarin International, Taiwanese-owned Company that operated apparel assembly plants around the world. The Gap had begun contracting with Mandarin plants in El Salvador in 1992. A worker there was paid approximately 12 cents for assembling a Gap three-quarter sleeves t-shirt or turtle neck, which retailed at about $20 in the United States. Wages at the Mandarin plants averaged 56 cents an hour-a level that was claimed to provide only 80% of the amount neede... ...arin employee who make Gap product. - The Gap should make sure the entire supplier fulfills its sourcing principle and guidelines. The supplier which doesn’t implemented the entire Gap standard and the local government standard, the Gap should avoid doing business with them. - Mandarin International done unethical business by not allowing their employee to make union (fired all the union members) and all the unethical behavior toward the employee. Recommendation - The Gap should choose their supplier carefully and maximize the Gap field representative by put an eyes and do the regular inspection not only when they start the business but always monitoring the working and social condition of the supplier to comply with the Gap code of conduct and also the local government laws. - The Gap representative officer should do the interview without being known by the Mandarin International, so the employee would be freely to speak about what really happened in the factory. - The Gap should give more effort to increase the quality of live their supplier employee which usually in the third world by giving education or other benefit.

Separation of Powers – Importance of Judicial Independence

The Jamaican Constitution (hereinafter â€Å"the Constitution†) came into effect with the Jamaica Independence Act of 1962. The Act was tabled to ‘make provision for and in connection with, the attainment by Jamaica of fully responsible status within the Commonwealth. ’ This document formed the framework for Jamaica’s political independence and created the premise on which this fledgling nation could carve out its own legal system based on its own moral, cultural and political experience.The Constitution though largely reflective of the previous colonial relationship, has within it an innate balance of power between the arms of government that is theoretically and fundamentally positioned to support the country’s self-governance. This balance is so designed, to facilitate the critical functions of government while ensuring that no single body so fully controls the reins of power that it’s will can be imposed without the acquiescence of the oth er parties, and the greater society.This balance is grounded in the principle of the Separation of Powers, implied by the Constitution. With the complex interplay of relationships, and the significance of power within the Executive, the Legislature and the Judiciary, the latter emerges as the keepers of the gate in maintaining this equilibrium through its function as the arbiters of justice. The Doctrine of the Separation of Powers was first proposed by the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322BC), and made popular in the 17th century by French writer Charles Louis de Montesquieu.Montesquieu argued that for an independent judiciary to exist, the three arms of government must have separate and independent powers within their areas of responsibility, otherwise we run the risk of there being no liberty, arbitrary control, violence and oppression. This principle may be applied to varying degrees in any legal system and may or may not be a legal restriction; however it is a very effective tool used to protect the rights and liberties of citizens from tyranny.The Constitution by virtue of Section 34, establishes Parliament (the Legislature) as the first arm of government and comprises the Queen (represented by the Governor General) and two Houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives. Under Sections 48 –50, it is given power to make laws for the peace, order and good governance of Jamaica, decide special rights, immunities and powers of the Senate, the House of Representatives and its members; and the conditional power to alter the Constitution.By virtue of Section 68, the Governor General is given Executive power to be used on the Queen’s behalf either directly or through officers under him. Section 69 establishes the Cabinet as the main body to direct policy. The Cabinet, consisting of the Prime Minister and other Ministers chosen by him, manages the general administrative functions of the Government and is accountable to Parliament. The Govern or General together with the Cabinet comprises the Executive arm of Government, the second arm of government.The Judiciary is the third arm of Government. It comprises judges and magistrates from the network of courts that form the legal system. Sections 97 and 103 of the Constitution establish the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeal, respectively. The Chief Justice and the President of the Court of Appeal are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister in consultation with the Leader of the Opposition.The other Puisne Judges are appointed by the Governor General on the advice the Judicial Services Commission. It is important to note that there is some degree of inter-connectivity between the Executive and the Legislature, as members of the Cabinet are also members of Parliament. The sharing of personnel between these two bodies compromises the strict application of the doctrine of the separation of powers. It is therefore imperative that the Judiciary ex ecutes its functions in an independent manner.The Constitution supports the assertion that the Judiciary has not only the right, but the responsibility to review the affairs and policies of the Executive and Legislature to ensure that their powers are being exercised within the limits of the Constitution. In exercising this duty, a court can declare a law unconstitutional and therefore null and void as in the case of Adrian Nation, Kereen Wright v DPP and the Attorney General of Jamaica. In Moses Hinds v. The Queen it was underscored that the fair and effective dministration of justice constitutionally rests only within the powers of the Judiciary and in Independent Jamaica Council for Human Rights Ltd. and Others v. Marshall-Burnett and the Attorney General of Jamaica, the Privy Council overruled the judgment of the Jamaican Appellate Court in finding that the three Bills attempting to remove the Privy Council as the final appellate court were unconstitutional. This decision was ba sed on their previous ruling in Hinds.As demonstrated in other Commonwealth jurisdictions, the Judiciary may indirectly place pressure on the Legislature to ensure that laws are drafted intra vires, in the first instance. In attempting to avoid ultra vires rulings, the Legislative often times â€Å"†¦tests its own legislation in the courts. This occurred in Suratt et al v Attorney General of Trinidad and Tobago wherein the Trinidad and Tobago Government defended an action on the grounds that a Bill seeking to promote equality was unconstitutional by virtue of its being discriminatory. This challenge to legislation is another example of the check and balance of the Separation of Powers. The Judiciary is thus required to rule on complex issues that have direct implications for the members and institutions within society, including the other arms of government; with impartiality and in accordance with the Rule of Law. The rule of law as proposed by A. V. Dicey asserts that no man should be punished except for conduct in clear breach of the law. This assertion supports the fact that the legal system rests on the objectivity of the Judiciary.Where we are governed under a system which rests upon the impartial application of laws, and under which citizens’ rights and obligations are regulated by those laws, there must be an established and accepted system for making law. The law must be publicly known. Interference with rights and obligations must be justified within the law as the perception of rights, freedoms and equality in society is influenced by the quality of Judicial rulings. In the spirit of Judicial Independence, the Judiciary must be impartial and may not be influenced by any source except the law.Within the Constitution, security of tenure and security of salary are entrenched provisions designed to insulate the Judiciary from pressure intended to influence their rulings. Judicial Impartiality is defined as ‘the freedom of each individ ual judge to reach a decision within the law without undue interference or pressure from government, other judges, the media or any other source. ’ While attempts to directly interfere with the fair and effective administration of justice may be limited, it can be argued that several factors undoubtedly affect the court’s ability to properly execute its role.Particularly within the Jamaican context, financial constraints arising out of cost-cutting measures of Parliament and limitations in Ministerial budgets have severely affected the resources and physical infrastructure required for the efficient operations of the machinery of the Judiciary. In recent times, influential voices in the Jamaican legal fraternity have highlighted the need to address the issue of limited resources. The Director of Public Prosecutions, Paula Llewellyn have stated that â€Å"the country is struggling with a low capacity court situation and that is affecting how the wheels of justice turnà ¢â‚¬ ¦.. ou should have been building more courtrooms and making sure you have more personnel, court reporters, prosecutors, resident magistrates†¦. and that was not being done. † The Judiciary also provides guidance to the citizens and other branches of government on matters relating to the Constitution, through statutory interpretation and application of general principles of law while settling disputes brought before them. Their ability to be fair and impartial is particularly challenged when called upon to interpret and rule on legal documents that are poorly drafted or ambiguous.Although the law lends itself to flexibility and expediency, the question arises in some instances whether the ruling accurately represents the will of the Legislative as some appeals have been advanced on the grounds of statutory misinterpretation as in the case of R v East Berkshire Help Authority ex parte Walsh. Judges may find themselves inadvertently assuming the role of creating legal r ights when required to make plain issues not explicitly addressed by legislation.It has been debated that these so-called ‘created laws’ are not in fact created but are legal principles which lay dormant until judges’ interpretations unearth them. This was the position taken by Brett, M. R, in Munster v Lamb. However, the perception is that this ‘power’ does indeed exist as, in plural societies right and wrong are just as plural and judges must ensure that conclusions sufficiently represent a   fair carriage of justice. If the Judiciary were acting solely as the mouth piece of the Legislature and the Executive with no independent thought or justice-driven compass, this arm of government would hardly be relevant.In Earl Pratt and Ivan Morgan v The Attorney General and The Superintendent of Prisons, Saint Catherine, the Privy Council interpreted inhumane treatment under section 17(1) of the Constitution of Jamaica to include delay between conviction and the carrying out of the death penalty though the constitution was silent on this matter. This interpretation created a legal right which had the effect of automatically commuting death penalty convictions for convicts on death row in excess of five years to life imprisonment.The Judiciary also exercises its constitutional mandate through a process of Judicial Review which is the means by which â€Å"Government departments, local authorities or others with law-making and administrative powers are confined by the courts within powers granted by the [Constitution]. .   Although Jamaica does not have a specific Judicial Review Act, provisions for judicial and constitutional claims fall under Administrative Law Claims in section 56 of the Supreme Court of Civil Procedure Rules, 2002. Judicial Review is an important tool of the Judicial Branch.It is considered a grave and ominous â€Å"responsibility which the courts must not shirk from or attempt to shift to Parliament† â⠂¬Å"as this responsibility in and of itself is a system of checks and balances thus seen as the: last bulwark of citizenry. †   The grounds for Judicial Review includes error of law, failure to observe the principles of equity, abdication of functions, improper delegation of authority, and unreasonableness of a decision. All are supporting grounds for the argument that the maintenance of fair justice is eally what is at the heart of the function of the Judiciary. â€Å"Remedies for judicial review include: Certiorari, for quashing unlawful acts, Prohibition, for prohibiting unlawful acts and Mandarmus, (now mandatory order), for requiring performance of a public duty, including a duty to make a decision or determination, or to hear and determine any case†6. The fair administration of justice by Jamaica’s courts is influenced by the fact that its final court of appeal rests outside its jurisdiction.According to the principle of stare decisis or Judicial Preceden ce, courts are bound follow the ruling of higher or equal courts. With the Privy Counsel being retained by the Constitution as Jamaica’s final appellate court, the discussion arises whether the rulings of that external body are sympathetic to the Caribbean experience and thus a fair and effective administration of Justice. According to Sharma JA of the Trinidadian Court of Appeal in Boodram v.AG and Another, â€Å"even after our independence, our courts have continued to develop our law very much in accordance with English jurisprudence. The inherent danger and pitfall in this approach is that, since Independence our society has developed differently from the English and now requires a robust examination in order to render our Constitution and common law meaningful. † The Jamaican Constitution was so designed to support and to be supported by the Doctrine of Separation of Powers between the Legislative, the Executive and the Judiciary.Though not free of limitations, th e Doctrine effectively balances power among the three bodies, ensuring that encroachments that are not in the interest of justice are held somewhat in check. The sharing of personnel between the Executive and the Legislative bodies in the Jamaican Parliament, however, can lead to cynicism and has the potential for corruption. It is therefore imperative that the Judiciary be allowed to function independently and be protected from interference from those who would seek to influence its decisions.Despite the intent of the Constitution’s authors, the justice system can only be determined to be fair or faulty based on human factors, the judges. The Constitution is a function as well as a reflection of the society it serves and as such our moral, cultural and economic experience will determine how our justice system evolves and whether the tenets on which it is founded are sufficiently strong and rooted to support Jamaica’s political and legal independence.

Case Study: Bruce /Brenda

Case Study Reflection: Bruce/Brenda Gabriel R. Boynton Abnormal Psychology Professor Wolfson September 24, 2012 Diagnostic Overview: Gender Identity Disorder (GID) is defined as: â€Å"strong and persistent cross gender identification† and â€Å"persistent discomfort with his or her sex or sense of inappropriateness in the gender of that sex (DSM-IV)†. Put simply: it is a painful inner conflict between a person’s physical gender, and the gender he or she identifies as. For example, a person who identifies as a boy may actually feel that he is, and act like a girl.In response to those feelings, people with GID may act and/or present themselves as members of the opposite sex. The disorder may affect things such as their choice of sexual partners, mannerisms, behavior, dress, as well as their own self-concept. Males with GID are often characterized by feminine behaviors such as: â€Å"wearing his mother’s clothing, displaying a great interest in girlsâ€℠¢ toys, playing with girls, and showing distress over having male genitalia (Gooran)†. Associated essay: Nature or Nurture: The Case of the Boy Who Became a GirlIn contrast biological females with GID will most likely exhibit typical masculine behaviors such as: â€Å"rough (masculine) games, refusing to wear dresses, becoming very athletic and strong, and identifying more with her father (Gooren)†. â€Å"True cases of GID are fairly rare and occur in only 3 to 5 percent of the U. S. population (Meyer)†. The exact cause of GID is unclear, however â€Å"hormones in the womb, genes, and social and environmental factors (such as parenting) may be involved (NLM)†. Observable symptoms almost always present in early childhood. Case History:David Reimer was born as a twin on August 22, 1969 to Ron and Janet Reimer. His given birth name was Bruce; his twin brother was named Brian. Both babies were born as healthy males. When the twins were about 7 months old, their mother noticed that â€Å"the skin on the tip of her sons’ penises was sealing over, making the act of urination particularly painful and difficult. On the advice of their doctor, Janet took the twins to the local hospital to be circumcised to correct the problem (Meyer)†. On April 27, 1966 a urologist performed the circumcision operation using the unconventional method of cauterization. The procedure did not go as doctors had planned, and Bruce’s penis was burned beyond surgical repair. The doctors chose not to operate on Brian, who’s phimosis soon cleared without surgical intervention (CBS)†. So botched was the surgical procedure that the sex organ resembled a burned piece of flesh, rendering it useless as well as lifeless. â€Å"Eventually Bruce’s penis dried up and flaked away until there was no sign that he had ever had any sort of genital appendage (Meyer)†. The original plan by doctors was to construct an artificial penis for Bruce-a procedure called a â€Å"phallic reconstruction† or â€Å"phalloplasty†. This reconstructed organ would only serve as a urine conductor, and never be capable of sexual function. Concerned about their sons prospects for future happiness and sexual function without with a penis, Ron and Janet agreed to meet with John Money M. D. , at John Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore to discuss any and all options. Dr. Money suggested that Bruce be raised as though he had been born a female. â€Å"Won over by Dr. Money’s reputation, confidence, and charm the Reimers decided to follow his advice and raise their biological son Bruce- as their daughter, Brenda (Meyer)†.At the age of 22 months old, an orchiectomy was performed to remove Bruce’s’ testis. From that point on the main focus of the Reimer’s life was to try to raise Brenda as a girl. â€Å" She was clothed in dresses, given dolls and other feminine toys to play with, grew her hair long, and was encouraged to spend time and bond with her mother and play with other little girls at school (Meyer)†. This situation, however tragic†¦ seemed to make for a perfect case study. â€Å"What does gender mean if one male twin can be raised as a boy, while the other male twin becomes a girl (NOVA)†?However, it quickly became evident to everyone that Brenda was going to fight the forced femininity, desiring instead to â€Å"play with trucks and solders, getting into fights at school, and rejecting the dresses and ladylike attire. She even insisted un urinating in the standing position (Meyer)†. Years later Dr. Money published an article asserting that the experiment carried out with Brenda had been a resounding success. He wrote, â€Å"the child’s behavior is so distinctly feminine like that of a little girl her age, which differs completely from the behavior of her twin brother Brian (Money)†.The case became widely known in medical circles worldwide as: The John/Joan case†. At the age of 12, Brenda began a strict female hormone regimen. She began to develop breasts, hips, and an overall feminine shape. Eventually, her behavior began to conform to her physical appearance. However, this transformation did not help improve her psychological state. â€Å"Feelings persisted of being trapped in her own body, eventually she becoming socially isolated and depressed (Meyer)†. Brenda began seeing a psychologist named Dr.Mary McKenty who was successful in helping her face her anxiety, depression, and confusion. After seeing Dr. McKenty for a few months- at the age of 14, Brenda made the decision to stop living as a female, even though she was still unaware of the circumstances surrounding her gender identity issues. It was at this point that her parents â€Å"realized that Brenda was never going to embrace her surgically reassigned sexual identity, the finally decided the time had come for a troubling, yet inevitable confession (Meyer)†. After processing this revelation, Brenda’s decision to liv e as a male became concrete. She opted for testosterone treatments to masculinize her figure, and to undergo surgery to construct an artificial penis. She also changed her name from Brenda to David (Meyer)†. In no way did this mean David’s lifelong struggles were over. Multiple surgeries were needed to try and created a functioning penis. Psychological issues continued to plague him as well. During this time period, â€Å"he attempted suicide three times. The third- an overdose of pill- left him in a coma. He recovered and began the long climb towards living a normal life-as a man (CBS)†. David eventually met a woman, and the two fell in love. Due to the success of his surgery, he was able to have sex with her, and for the first time have a fulfilling sexual relationship. He married her in September 1990. Tragically, this happiness was short lived for David. He continued to suffer from severe depression, â€Å"which deepened markedly when his identical twin Bria n, killed himself in the spring of 2002 by an overdose of anti-depressants. David later became unemployed and was conned out of $65,000 by a scam artist. All of this contributed to marital problems, and on May 2, 2004, his wife suggested they separate (Meyer)†.David Reimer committed suicide on May 4, 2004. He was 38 years old. Analysis: The case of Bruce/Brenda is unique among GID cases in that its cause is not a mystery. David Reimer was born a male, in every sense of the word. â€Å"The origin of his disorder was in the environmental efforts to raise him as a female and not his true biological sex (Meyer)†. The damage done to him physically, mentally, and emotionally is almost uncomprehend able. Although his parents seemed to have had his best interest at heart, it is clear that the decisions made in his behalf were at times misguided, and certainly not the right ones for him.Stressors in his later life such as the suicide of his twin, the loss off income and money, a s well as the deterioration of his marriage, likely may have been enough to push many to their breaking point. It is tragic that David proved to be one of those many. From the Biological perspective- behavior, personality, and presumably gender are seen as products of genes and other biological processes. From this theory, a person is not born as a blank slate†¦ready to be molded by their parents, doctors, or surroundings.David Reimer seems to prove the validity to this perspective. The desire to live as a man was so strong, that he came to the conclusion he needed to as early on as age 14. I can only imagine the feelings he experienced when he learned the truth of his past. The validation must have been equal parts: relief and frustrating. Treatments: One might assume the preferred treatment for an â€Å"average† person with GID is psychological treatment. However, many transgender people as well as researchers support the declassification of GID as a mental disorder.Th ere are many reasons for this: â€Å"recent medical research on the brain structures of transgender individuals has shown that some have the physical brain structures that resemble their desired sex even before hormone treatment (Hamzelou)†. â€Å"Therefore, the most widely prescribed treatment option for the disorder is sex reassignment surgery (SRS) (Meyer)†. These are the surgical procedure s used to change a person’s physical appearance ,as well as the function of their existing sexual characteristics to resemble that of the other sex.Once a diagnosis of GID has been made, recommendation for SRS should be based on the following strict criteria: 1. The patient should show evidence of stable transsexual orientation 2. The patient should show insight into his/her condition and should not suffer from any serious psychiatric disorder 3. The patient should be able to pass successfully as a member of the opposite sex, and there should be clear evidence of cross gen der functioning 4. Improvement in personal and social functioning should be predicted for the individual prior to and after surgery (Benjamin, H) Personal Reflection:After reading about this man’s life, I am ashamed that I choose his case study because it, â€Å"sounded interesting†. Tragic- doesn’t begin to describe this poor man’s circumstances. Handled correctly by his doctors and parents, he may have had a fighting chance. I have come to appreciate that this disorder, like many others, should not be taken at face value. Be it because you had a bad urologist, or because you were born with this disorder†¦ more compassion for these people needs to be developed in our, as well as many other cultures. Bibliography 1. Meyer, R.G. , Weaver, C. M. : Case Studies in Abnormal Behavior 9th edition 2. DSM-IV-TR 3. Cohen-Kettenis &Gooran: Transexualism: A review of etiology, diagnosis, and treatment 1999 4. The U. S. Natinal Library of Medicine (NLM) 5. CBS N ews: David Reimer: The boy Who Lived as a Girl July 2002 6. Cohen, A. , Sweigart, S. : Sex Unknown; NOVA, PBS Airdate: October 30, 2001 7. John Money: Man Woman, Boy Girl: 1972 8. Hamzelou, J: Transexual differences caught on brain scan- January 26, 1011 9. The Harry Benjamin Internatinal gender Dysmorphia association- 1985

Nancy Drew Books Author Carolyn Keene Biography

Nancy Drew Books Author Carolyn Keene Biography Teenage sleuth Nancy Drew and Mildred Wirt Benson had a great deal in common, including very long and active lives. Nancy Drew books, in one form or another, have been popular for more than 70 years. Mildred Wirt Benson, who wrote the text of 23 of the first 25 Nancy Drew books under the direction of Edward Stratemeyer, was still an active newspaper columnist  when she died in May of 2002 at the age of 96. Bensons Early Years Mildred A. Wirt Benson was a remarkable woman who knew from an early age that she wanted to be a writer. Mildred Augustine was born on July 10, 1905, in Ladora, Iowa. Her first story was published when she was only 14. While attending the University of Iowa, she wrote and sold short stories to help cover college costs. Mildred also worked on the student newspaper and as a reporter for the Clinton, Iowa Herald. In 1927, she became the first woman to receive a masters degree in journalism from the University of Iowa. In fact, it was while she was working for a masters degree that Benson submitted a manuscript for the Stratemeyer Syndicates Ruth Fielding series and was hired to write for the series. She was then offered the opportunity to work on a new series about teenage sleuth Nancy Drew. The Stratemeyer Syndicate The Stratemeyer Syndicate was established by author and entrepreneur Edward Stratemeyer for the purpose of developing childrens book series. Stratemeyer created the characters and developed outlines of the plots for a variety of childrens series and the Syndicate hired ghostwriters to turn them into books. The Hardy Boys, The Bobbsey Twins, Tom Swift, and Nancy Drew were among the series created through the Stratemeyer Syndicate. Benson received a flat fee of $125 from the Stratemeyer Syndicate for each book for which she was the writer. While Benson never hid the fact that she wrote the text for the Nancy Drew books, the Stratemeyer Syndicate made it a practice to require that its writers remain anonymous and listed Carolyn Keene as the author of the Nancy Drew series. Not until 1980, when she testified in a court case involving the Stratemeyer Syndicate and its publishers, did it begin to become commonly known that Benson wrote the text of the first Nancy Drew books, following the outlines provided by Edward Stratemeyer. Bensons Career Although Benson went on to write numerous other books for youth on her own, including the Penny Parker series, the bulk of her career was devoted to journalism. She was a reporter and columnist in Ohio, first for The Toledo Times and then, The Toledo Blade, for 58 years. While she retired as a reporter in January of 2002 due to her health, Benson continued to write a monthly column Millie Bensons Notebook. Benson was married and widowed twice and had one daughter, Ann. Like Nancy Drew, Benson was smart, independent, and adventurous. She traveled a good deal, particularly in Central and South America. In her sixties, she became a licensed commercial and private pilot. It seems fitting that Nancy Drew and Mildred Wirt Benson had so much in common. What Makes Nancy Drew Books So Popular? What is it that has made Nancy Drew such a popular character? When the books were first published, Nancy Drew represented a new kind of heroine: a bright, attractive, resourceful girl, capable of solving mysteries and taking care of herself. According to Mildred Wirt Benson, ...it seems to me that Nancy was popular, and remains so, primarily because she personifies the dream image which exists within most teenagers. The Nancy Drew books continue to be popular with  9-12-year-olds. Some of the boxed sets you might consider are: Nancy Drew Starter Set, which includes  The Secret of the Old Clock,  The Hidden Staircase,  The Bungalow Mystery,  The Mystery at Lilac Inn,  The Secret of Shadow Ranch, and  The Secret of Red Gate Farm  Nancy Drew Girl Detective Sleuth Set, which includes  Without a Trace,  A Race Against Time,  False Notes, and  High Risk. If you like audiobooks, try The Secret of the Old Clock  The Hidden Staircase Individual Nancy Drew books, such as  The Case of the Creative Crime  and  The Baby-Sitter Burglaries  are also available in hardbound and/or paperback editions.